Theworldwouldhavebeensomuchbetterifweallknewhowtosayand...

問題詳情：

The world would have been so much better if we all knew how to say and do the right thing at the right time. However, that is not the case, especially when it comes to instilling(逐步培養) proper behaviour in kids. Behaviour modification(BM) techniques were recently created to help in instilling proper behaviour in children as well as adults.

Behaviour modification refers to establishing various appropriate behaviours in individuals and discouraging those that are not desired. Behaviour modification techniques are developed largely according to the principles of operant conditioning by B．F. Skinner, an American behaviourist. These techniques are used in behaviour modification treatment that aims to correct and instill appropriate behaviour in children.

The commonly used behaviour modification techniques are positive reinforcement(強化), negative reinforcement and punishment. Positive reinforcement refers to reinforcing a proper behaviour that most desire through the process of rewarding it. This can be done by praising the individual as soon as he performs a desired behaviour. Negative reinforcement behavioural strategies are based on the removal of a negative consequence or a behaviour because the desired behaviour was performed. For example, letting a child not help in washing dishes because he behaved well at a family gathering is a form of negative reinforcement. Punishment is something we all can relate to. Yes, it is just what it means. However, when put in words, punishment refers to subjecting(使服從於) an individual to a negative condition because of an inappropriate behaviour.

The behaviour modification techniques for children are mostly based on positive and negative reinforcement. However, parents should realize that these techniques can't be relied upon totally for child behaviour modification. Though the behaviour modification techniques lead to quick results, a parent should continuously try to cultivate(培養) in his child the ability to appreciate the reason why such a behaviour is expected of him. This can be done through effective communication and greater focus on the parent­child relationship. As a parent, don't make the reward a monetary one. Try to make it look more like a privilege than a reward. A parent should also be consistent with his technique and apply it whenever there is a chance so that the child gets a clear idea of what is expected and what is not.

Although we talk so much about the role of a parent in bringing positive behaviour modification in children, both parents and teachers have equally important roles to play. Teachers play their role through preventive classroom management, teaching skills for solving social problems like alternative thinking, and continuous monitoring of a child's behaviour. It is true that there are various behaviour modification techniques available for encouraging proper behaviour in children. However, there is nothing that can take the place of proper parenting and an affectionate(慈愛) environment.

Title: Techniques for Modifying Behaviour

【回答】

 39. Definition　40. desired/proper　41. Removing

42. due/owing/thanks　43. reliable/dependable

44. effectively　45. stick/ keep　46. prevention

47. problem­solving　48. Conclusion

知識點：閲讀表達

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