Whetheritis“womenandchildrenfirst”or“everymanforh...

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       Whether it is “women and children first” or “every man for himself” in a shipwreck（船隻失事） may depend on how long it takes the ship to sink, researchers said recently．

       When the Lusitania was torpedoed（用魚雷攻擊） by a German ship in 1915, it sank in 18 minutes and the majority of the survivors were young men and women who responded immediately to their powerful survival instincts（本能）．

       But when the Titanic struck an iceberg in 1912, it took “three hours to go down, allowing time for more civilize（文明的） behavior to take control—and the majority of the survivors were women, children and people with young children．

       Economist Benno Torgler of the Queensland University of Technology in Australia and his colleagues studied the two sinkings in order to explore the economic theory that people generally behave in a “rational”（理*的） and selfish manner．The two tragedies provided a “natural experiment” for testing the idea, because the passengers on the two ships were quite similar in terms of gender （*別） and wealth．

       The major difference was how long it took the ships to sink．They suggested that when people have little time to react, instincts may rule．When more time is available, social influences play a bigger role．But psychologists（心理學家） noted that many factors other than following social norms could come into play in a disaster, including an evolutionary urge to save the species, attachments（依戀） that are formed between individuals during the event and the leadership of authority figures．

       The extent （程度） of altruism （利他主義） and how it occurs “is a very controversial issue,” said Anthony R．Mawson, a professor of preventive medicine at the University of Mississippi Medical Center．He thinks the dominant（主宰的） response was attachment behavior．

       Psychologist Daniel Kruger of the University of Michigan, US thinks that the answer lies less in social norms and more in our evolutionary heritage．Human beings have a deep instinct to preserve our kind, he said, and that means “people are more likely to save those who have higher reproductive value, namely the young and women in child-bearing years”．

       Kruger also stressed the importance of leadership during a disaster, noting that the Titanic’s captain appeared to have greater control than the Lusitania’s．

41．According to Benno Torgler, what led to the different results between the two shipwrecks?

       A．The survival instinct．                         B．The civilized behavior．

       C．The leadership of the captain．               D．The length of time．

42．Which of the follwing explanations for the two sinkings will be accepted by psychologists?

       A．Human beings are born to be selfish．

       B．The well-off will be likely to survive．

       C．Social status will play a decisive role in survival．

       D．Human survival is more significant than that of the individuals．

43．The following factors have something to do with disasters behaviors EXCEPT__________．

       A．leadership                                                B．social division of labor   

       C．a feeling of affection                               D．social regulations

44．According to Daniel Kruger, the young and women in child-bearing years take the priority to survive because________．

       A．they make a contribution to human continuity   

       B．they deserve everybody’s sympathy

       C．they have stronger survival instincts           

       D．they are the weak who need protecting

45．What is the main idea of the passage?

       A．The passage is mainly about two sinkings that had different result about survivals．

       B．The passage shows us the true causes that resulted in the two shipwrecks．

       C．The passage gives us a definite explanation about the different consequence of survivals of the two shipwrecks．

       D．The passage gives us various possible analyses about the disaster behaviors．

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