Doyoueverpracticeplayingthepianoinyourmindbytappingonim...

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Do you ever practice playing the piano in your mind by tapping on imaginary black and white keys when you have no piano in front of you? It’s not unusual--great pianists like Polish-American Arthur Rubinstein sometimes used to practice in their minds.

For more than 100 years, scientists have been trying to understand how this mental training works. In the 1930s, researchers showed that when you’re imagining an action, your brain sends signals to your muscles that are too weak to make the muscles move but might help train the body to perform. Practicing in your head might also create an inner how-to guide for a special skill in your mind.

Sports psychologist（心理學家）have carried out hundreds of studies comparing imagined and real-life practice for actions such as juggling and tap dancing, according to the Popular Science website. Overall, the research shows that mental training works. A 2012 study, for example, compared 32 amateur golfers who tried to hit golf balls into holes to another 32 who just held a golf club in their hands and thought about their swings. Under the same training, both groups ended up doing better and getting the ball about four inches（10cm）closer to the hole.

Visualization has advantages over the real thing: you can do it anywhere, even when injured. It’s safe--a big advantage for people who work in jobs in which there are big problems when things go wrong, such as gymnasts and surgeons（外科醫生）. And you can practice for longer periods of time in your head because your body can’t get tired. That doesn’t mean it’s easy, however. “We’ve had Olympic-level athletes sitting in our lab, visualizing for two hours,” says Tadhg MacIntyre, a sports psychologist at the University of Limerick in Ireland. “When we’re done, they’re incredibly tired.”

It doesn’t work for everyone, though. “If you’re not experienced in the activity, it can make things worse,” warns MacIntyre. “If you’re trying to visualize a free throw, and you don’t even know the proper way to hold the ball and move, then you’re probably going to practice the wrong skill in your head, and you won’t get better.”

rding to the text, mental training       .

   be as effective as physical training     good for building up muscles       benefit beginners as well as masters    suitable for all kinds of skills 

underlined word “visualization” in Paragraph 4 probably means         .

   ticing a physical action        al training for muscles       ng something in your mind     ining practicing an action 

of the advantages visualization has over the real thing is      .

   can prevent things from going wrong    can be done wherever you are       saves you time and energy             is simple and relaxing 

text is mainly written to       .

   readers suggestions on how to improve their sports skills       oduce a variety of techniques that can be used to improve certain skills       e some information about visualization and its benefits and limits       

readers how to create an inner how-to guide for a special skill in their minds 

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